考研英語作文（匯總15篇）

　　在日復(fù)一日的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或生活中，大家都寫過作文，肯定對(duì)各類作文都很熟悉吧，寫作文是培養(yǎng)人們的觀察力、聯(lián)想力、想象力、思考力和記憶力的重要手段。你所見過的作文是什么樣的呢？以下是小編為大家整理的考研英語作文，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。

考研英語作文1

　　It’s understandable that, faced with the increasingly stern situation of employment, a great majority of undergraduates choose the way of trying for master programs to deepen their professional knowledge, so as to avoid a period of sluggish job market and better find the development opportunities.

　　Furthermore, a satisfactory salary and benefits package will guarantee the standard of their life, while a pleasant atmosphere in workplace is a necessary element to prevent distractions and focus on work itself.

　　Today’s employers are putting increasing emphasis on candidate’s problem-solving skills and the correct ndset to get a job which are unfortunately found missing from most young graduates.

　　To assure smooth integration into professional life, and hence into society, students need to equip themselves with a battery of professional practical skills and develop a career plan aligned with their abilities and interests instead of continuing to moan about the lack of employment opportunities.

　　As time passed, the rapid expansion of programs and the quality of MBA students have become controversial topics, both in and out of business.

　　Maybe today’s employers place a higher value upon a job-hunter’s practical work experience, professional background and personal capability.

考研英語作文2

　　Presented in the elaborately-painted drawing is a striking scene that a man is desperately reaching for a job, the one firmly seized by a foldable mechanical hand. Thus, however hard he tries, it is simply unlikely for him to gain the upper hand. And the caption goes that artificial intelligence machines are competing with human beings for jobs.

　　The cartoonist, from my perspective, may seek to trigger our attention to the impact artificial intelligence or A.I. is prone to exert on human beings. Although A.I. has been a household name and the past few years have witnessed its popularity, it seldom occurs to us that humans will eventually be substituted with A.I. in various fields once dominated by us. Machines have undoubtedly proved to be more effective and efficient in assembly lines as a result of the reality that they can maintain dazzlingly good performance for a long stretch of time, which is virtually impossible for any creatures. And the harsh truth is that sites such as plants, warehouses where human labor used to abound are now teeming with machines. Nevertheless, humans have no reason to be intimidated since no matter how productive machines can be, they are incapable of being imaginative and innovative, which makes it impossible for them to well execute those undertakings entailing creativity.

　　In light of the aforementioned discussions, human beings are not supposed to be in panic but must be alert. Only if we persisted in the improvement of our abilities would we never be replaced.

考研英語作文3

　　the average family income of the u.s.a. has increased from 20,000 dollars per year in 1992 to 25,000 in 20xx. along with this considerable increase in people’s income, the way in which the average family spends its income has also varied to some extent. the average expenditure of family income is divided into several sectors, namely, housing, clothing, food and drink, transport, medical care, entertainment, savings and other items.

　　from the table, it is quite interesting to find that the money spent on some sectors such as food and drink (2%) and entertainment (6%) in 1992 and 20xx remains the same. for transport, the percentage of 20xx is only 1% larger than that of 1992. it is also worth mentioning that in 20xx, people tend to save less money than in 1992 because people deposit only half the money they used to in 1990. there is a greater increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively. on the other hand, people tend to spend less money on clothes, for there is a 5% decrease in 20xx compared with that in 1992. as far as other items are concerned, there is a sharp decrease in the percentage of family income spent on them, accounting for only 7% of the total.

　　it can be seen from the statistics that in american people’s life food and drink, entertainment and transport had always been important. with family income increasing, american people began to give first priority to housing and medical care, thereby improving their living conditions and invigorating health. by saving less, they presented to us the implication that they expected a fairly secure prospect.

考研英語作文4

　　Sheer investment of time and energy has become an outdated way of work.

　　純粹投入時(shí)間和精力的工作方式早已過時(shí)了。

　　If we review the history of human civilization, we shall find that pursuit of efficiency is the driving force (推動(dòng)力)behind many inventions.

　　如果我們回顧人類文明的歷史，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)追求效率是很多發(fā)明背后的推動(dòng)力。

　　A feasible new idea is able to help us greatly save labor and improve efficiency (極大地節(jié)約勞力、提高效率).

　　一個(gè)可行的新想法能幫助我們極大地節(jié)約勞力和提高效率。

　　Routines are always precious experiences (寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)), but sometimes we have to break the routine(打破常規(guī)) to find more appropriate ways to be in line with (符合)the actual reality.

　　慣例常常是寶貴的`經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但有時(shí)我們需要打破常規(guī)，尋找更符合現(xiàn)狀的、更恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞健?/p>

　　Even the most advanced methods will drop behind (落伍)one day, and even the wisest nd will be the obstacle to new things if it is confined by (受…禁錮) a certain mode.

　　再先進(jìn)的方法，終究會(huì)有落伍的時(shí)候再智慧的頭腦，一旦被一種模式禁錮，也會(huì)成為阻撓新事物產(chǎn)生的頑石。

　　Only when we don’t stick to (拘泥于) inherent routines and be diligent in thinking and innovating can we make a brand new life.

　　我們只有不拘泥于固有套路，勤于思考，努力創(chuàng)新，才會(huì)打造出全新的生活。

考研英語作文5

　　1. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

　　成千上萬的人們不得不花費(fèi)更多的精力和時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識(shí)，使得他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場能保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。

　　2. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

　　根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，越來越多的人表達(dá)了想從事另外的工作或加班以賺取更多的錢來補(bǔ)貼家用的強(qiáng)烈愿望。

　　3. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

　　通過以上討論，我完全相信，隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的`進(jìn)步，幽閑的生活方式正在消失并不是件壞事。

　　4. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

　　近些年，國際旅游的問題引起了廣泛關(guān)注。

　　5. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

　　許多人認(rèn)為國際旅游對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有積極作用，應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)地方政府發(fā)展國際旅游。

　　6. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

　　但是這些人忽視了國際旅游可能會(huì)給當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史造成的災(zāi)難性的影響。

　　7. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

　　就我而言，我堅(jiān)定地認(rèn)為國外旅游者的數(shù)量應(yīng)得到限制，理由如下：

　　8. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

　　另外，為了吸引旅游者，大量人工設(shè)施被修建，這對(duì)環(huán)境是不利的。

　　9. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

　　由于缺乏獨(dú)特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，國外旅游者數(shù)量的快速增加可能最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)的衰敗。

　　10. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

　　近些年，父母要求他們的孩子接受額外的教育呈增長的勢(shì)頭。

　　11. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

　　這一現(xiàn)象在全世界許多地方已引起了廣泛關(guān)注。

　　12. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

　　許多家長相信額外的教育活動(dòng)有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，通過學(xué)習(xí)，他們的孩子可以獲得很多實(shí)踐技能和有用的知識(shí)，當(dāng)他們長大后，這些對(duì)他們就業(yè)是大有好處的。

　　13. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

　　首先，額外的學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)孩子們的身體發(fā)育是不利的。教育專家指出，孩子們?cè)诳菰锏慕淌依锎袅艘徽�天后，從事一些體育活動(dòng)，而不是額外的學(xué)習(xí)，是非常重要的。

　　14. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

　　孩子們正處于身體快速發(fā)育時(shí)期，缺乏體育鍛煉可能會(huì)對(duì)他們未來的生活造成嚴(yán)重的影響。

　　15. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

　　第二，從心理上講，大部分孩子似乎對(duì)額外的學(xué)習(xí)沒有什么好感。

考研英語作文6

Directions:

　　You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to

　　1)make an apology,2)suggest a solution。

　　Dear Bob,I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake。

　　Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously. I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a reasonable price. If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada。

　　Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you will accept my sincere apology。

　　Faithfully yours,Li Ming

考研英語作文7

　　How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.

　　Some people think we should read argue that with the development of modern science and technology,more and more books are published every is impossible for us to read all the ’s more,there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them.

　　Since we can’t read all the books, and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read others many not emphasize that today’s society is not what it used to be. if you want to be successful, you must read widely and learn knowledge in both natural sciences and a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in others, he may be useless. since we must have many kinds of knowledge,we must read extensively.

　　Who’s right? there is a lot to be said for both sides of the argument. however,I think we should read extensively first and then learn deeply about the subject we are interested in.

考研英語作文8

　　閱讀和作文一直是考研英語中比較重要的兩部分，也是最難啃的兩部分，很多考生本著笨鳥先飛的覺悟，從現(xiàn)在就開始了作文的復(fù)習(xí)，不過在復(fù)習(xí)前，還是有必要先對(duì)考研英語作文有個(gè)總體的了解，才能明確復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和方向。

　　一、考研寫作評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)

　　教育部頒布的考試大綱中規(guī)定，考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、報(bào)告等，以及一般描述性、敘述性、說明性或議論性的文章。寫作時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：

　�。�1）做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；

　　（2）遵循文章的特定文體格式；

　�。�3）合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；

　�。�4）根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)選用語域。

　　二、考研寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　1.考研寫作考試內(nèi)容

　　寫作部分由A、B兩節(jié)組成，主要考查考生的書面表達(dá)能力。共30分。

　　A節(jié)：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出約100詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、報(bào)告等。共10分。

　　B節(jié)：考生根據(jù)提示信息寫出一篇160~200詞的短文（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）。提示信息的形式有主題句、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景、圖、表等。共20分。

　　2.評(píng)分原則和方法

　�。�1）雖然A、B兩節(jié)的.考查要點(diǎn)有所不同，但對(duì)考生寫作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)兩節(jié)都適用。但根據(jù)兩節(jié)不同的考查要點(diǎn)，評(píng)分時(shí)應(yīng)有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。

　　A節(jié)作文的評(píng)分重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋、內(nèi)容的組織、語言的準(zhǔn)確性、格式與語域的恰當(dāng)。對(duì)語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯多樣性的要求將根據(jù)具體試題進(jìn)行調(diào)整。允許在作文中使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的個(gè)別關(guān)鍵詞或詞組，但使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的句子將被扣分。

　　B節(jié)作文的評(píng)分重點(diǎn)在于內(nèi)容的完整性、文章的組織連貫性、語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的多樣性及語言的準(zhǔn)確性。

　�。�2）評(píng)分時(shí)，先根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和語言確定其所屬檔次，然后按該檔次的要求來給分。在評(píng)B節(jié)作文時(shí)，評(píng)分人員在檔內(nèi)有1~3分的調(diào)節(jié)分。

　�。�3）A節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是100詞左右。B節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是160~200詞。文章長度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。

　�。�4）拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符合是反映語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)方面。評(píng)分時(shí)，要視其對(duì)交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫及詞匯用法均可接受。

　�。�5）如書寫較差，以致影響讀者理解，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。

　　以上這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就相當(dāng)于一本書的說明，看起來沒用，但卻是讀懂讀透一本書不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié)，考生一定要深刻理解并在復(fù)習(xí)中切實(shí)融入對(duì)其的理解。

考研英語作文9

　　In the ever-evolving landscape of academic pursuits, the decision to pursue postgraduate studies represents a significant step towards intellectual growth and professional advancement. As an individual committed to expanding my knowledge base and enhancing my skills, I am eager to embark on this journey.

　　The motivation to pursue a master's degree stems from a profound interest in my chosen field of study. Since my undergraduate days, I have been fascinated by the intricate dynamics of [your field of study] and its profound implications for [industry/society/field]. A master's program offers an in-depth exploration of this field, allowing me to delve deeper into the theoretical frameworks and practical applications.

　　Moreover, a master's degree represents a valuable credential in today's competitive job market. As the demand for highly skilled professionals continues to grow, a postgraduate qualification can open up new avenues for employment and career advancement. I am eager to leverage the opportunities presented by a master's degree to expand my career horizons and contribute to my chosen field in a more meaningful way.

　　However, the path to postgraduate studies is not without challenges. The rigorous academic requirements, combined with the demands of personal and professional responsibilities, can be daunting. Nevertheless, I am confident in my ability to overcome these challenges. I have honed my time management and organizational skills through my undergraduate studies and work experience, which will be crucial in balancing the various demands of postgraduate life.

　　In conclusion, the journey to postgraduate studies represents an exciting opportunity for personal growth and professional development. I am eager to embark on this path, confident in my ability to succeed and contribute to my chosen field in a meaningful way.

考研英語作文10

　　Knowing what an employer is looking for in a potential employee can help an applicant to prepare for an interview.An interviewer for a major corporation was asked these questions: What specific skills are you looking for in applicants?And how do you identify these skills? He responded:

　　Most important for us in the way of skills is the ability to communicate

　　Can people speak clearly? Can they articulate the kind of person they believe themselves to be? In what kind of work situations do they perform well? What are their strengths and weaknesses? We want to know about the personal qualities of the individual, so I try to ask questions to draw them but and attempt to find out if they have a sense of themselves. If they do have good communication skills, they will be able to do this logically and concisely.

　　I am looking for creativity

　　Can they be instinctive? I will ask some "off-the-wall" questions just to see if this throws them. How do they respond in these tough situations

　　can they be creative with their answers? This is very important when they are out in business situations with customers. They will have to respond to very sudden changes and problem-solving situations that they are not necessarily familiar with, and I want to know if they can handle them.

　　What we look for the most are personal qualities assertiveness, self-motivation, drive, ambition, and a competitive instinct.They should be high achievers and want to work hard. I can usually tell about these qualities from the way the person presents himself or herself and some of the activities they have engaged in. I pick up things from the applications and resume

　　how they have written them and the kinds of things they say. How they present their experiences is often very informative. For example, an assertive person will say, "1 can do these things"and "1 decided on this course of action,"whereas a more passive person might say, "These are the experiences I have had. "All of these things describe the person in some way.

考研英語作文11

　　As is illustrated in the chart, significant changes have occurred in China's total express business volume and rural express business volume from 20xx to 20xx. The total number is roughly 51 billion in 20xx,64 billion in 20xx and around 83 billion in 20xx.Similarly.the number of Chinese rural express packages in 20xx is 12 billion, while the number jumped dramatically to 30 billion in 20xx.

　　What accounts for the increase? From my perspective, at least three factors contribute to the changes. To begin with,the availability of computers and smartphones is the foremost contributor and the rapid development of information technology enables nearly everybody to have access to the Internet. More importantly,the change is closely related to the rising income of the Chinese people, especially the residents living in rural areas. Finally, the changes are enhanced and promoted by the government's bettering policies as well as the more convenient channels in the e-commerce field.

　　With the development of China's economy and society, the rising trend is bound to continue for a couple of years in the future.As far as I am concerned, it's a positive trend and should be encouraged.

考研英語作文12

　　申請(qǐng)信

　�、� 引言

　　I am writing in response to your advertisement in …

　　I would like to apply for the position of … which you advertised in…

　�、� 發(fā)展

　　I graduated from… with a …degree in…

　　I have been working in… since my graduation and have therefore attained a fair knowledge and experience in this field.

　　I am a rational and diligent man with good interpersonal skills.

　　I am used to working under pressure and also...

　　I am experienced in…, which I believe qualifies me for the position of …

　　③ 結(jié)尾

　　I hope you would consider my application favorably and grant me an interview.

　　I do hope that after reviewing my enclosed resume you will kindly give me an interview.

　　I have enclosed my resume that outlines in detail my qualifications and experiences.

　　I should be glad to have a personal interview and can furnish references if desired.

　　You favorable consideration of my application will be highly appreciated.

　　咨詢信

　�、� 引言

　　I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain…

　　I would like to inquire about…

　　I want to know if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding…

　　I take great interest in …

　�、� 展開

　　I would like to get more details of …

　　I shall be grateful if you could offer me more specific materials about…

　　I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.

　　I am also greatly concerned about…

　�、� 結(jié)尾

　　Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be greatly appreciated.

　　Thank you for your time and consideration.

　　Many thanks to your assistance.

　　投訴信

　�、� 引言

　　I am writing to express my dissatisfaction about…

　　I write to make a complaint about…

　　I would like to draw your attention to the problem that…

　　I feel sorry to trouble you but I am afraid I have to request you to take corrective actions concerning…

　　I regret to inform you it absolutely disappointed me that …

　�、� 展開

　　To be frank, in the first few weeks, I got on well with… However, recently, I have discovered that…

　　This has put us to great inconvenience. Therefore, I am returning... and would greatly appreciate if you could replace it.

　　I am totally upset with… and can not tolerate anymore.

　　To my great regret, they become troublemakers and affect my life seriously.

　　Honestly, at the beginning, I was quite satisfied with your service. To my great disappointment, yesterday I found that…

　�、� 結(jié)尾

　　To solve this problem, some remedial actions should be taken before things get worse.

　　To solve the unpleasant matter, I suggest making the following changes.

　　I shall be grateful if you could consider my situation and improve it as soon as possible.

　　I trust you will take my complaints seriously and look forward to hearing from you soon.

　　I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter and reply at your earliest convenience.

　　道歉信

　�、俦磉_(dá)歉意

　　I sincerely apologize to you for…

　　I am indeed very sorry for …, but believe I had no intention to…

　　I am writing this letter to apologize to you for my failing to…

　　② 解釋苦衷

　　…due to my toothache/traffic accident/traffic jam

　　… as the things is quite beyond my power to do

　　…because I have to deal with the urgent business assigned by my boss

　�、� 提出補(bǔ)償建議+再次道歉

　　I want to know if we could…

　　I wonder whether it is possible that I make up the loss by…

　　Please forgive me for/accept my deepest apology for …

　　I do hope that you can understand my situation and accept my apology.

考研英語作文13

　　The drawing does mirror a common social phenomenon and is really thought-provoking. According to the above photo, a couple of elephants are walking forward slowly while the young elephant says to his mother, “Mom, my tusks start to grow up!

　　But mom, why aren’t you happy about that?”What is conveyed carries the message of the human’s threat on the wild animals by catching and killing.

　　A host of reasons may make this happen. To start with, an army of hunters have been killing rare wild animals just to make huge profits. That is the very reason why the mother elephant does not glad to hear that her son’s ivory growing. Another significant cause of the rapid reduction of wildlife is the disappearance of their natural habitats. Because the urbanization is advancing fast, forcing the animals give up their original places and change another site which may not be as good as before.

　　Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic and effective measures to protect the wildlife. On the one hand, we can appeal to the government to make some strict laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. On another level, we must enhance citizen's awareness that loving the nature is everybody's responsibility. Only through these measures are we able to have opportunities to expect a beautiful world and a promising prospect to come.

考研英語作文14

　　一般來說，應(yīng)用文要求言簡意賅，表意明確。對(duì)于應(yīng)用文的書寫，可能考生會(huì)比較頭疼。專家總結(jié)多年英語輔導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為考生提供一些小技巧。

　　既然是應(yīng)用文，必然有嚴(yán)格的格式要求。以書信為例，如果題干中的寫信對(duì)象是關(guān)系較親密的朋友可以直呼其名為Dear xx，其他可以稱呼為Dear Mr. xx或Dear Ms.xx。如果姓氏不明確，一般稱呼為Dear Sir or Madam。另外，正文的書寫格式也要注意。一般來說，首段開頭必須要開頭空四個(gè)字母。

　　應(yīng)用文不要求華麗的辭藻，但是用詞準(zhǔn)確是最基礎(chǔ)的.要求。如果書信對(duì)象是正式的團(tuán)體或機(jī)構(gòu)，縮略語和口語是不允許的。其次，應(yīng)用文一般會(huì)具有一定的場合性，什么樣的場合用什么樣的詞往往會(huì)成為考查點(diǎn)。也許考生對(duì)于一些場合用語不是很了解，其實(shí)這些基本的場合用語和格式多背多練，直接套用即可。

　　另外，作為字?jǐn)?shù)只要求100字左右的小作文，不要提筆就寫。在審題之后，要先列個(gè)提綱。不要太相信你的腦子，因?yàn)樗悸泛芸赡芟胫�想著就跑偏。最后，作文寫完之后一定要記得檢查、修改，不要在簡單的單詞拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)上犯錯(cuò)誤。

考研英語作文15

　　by the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebo had entered the american language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the united states. the ice trade grew with the growth of cities. ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. after the civil war( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. even before 1880,half of the ice sold in new york, philadelphia, and baltimore, and one-third of that sold in boston and chicago, went to families for their own use. this had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebo, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

　　making an efficient icebo was not as easy as we might now suppose. in the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. the commonsense notion that the best icebo was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebo.

　　but as early as 1803, and ingenious maryland farmer, thomas moore, had been on the right track. he owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of washington, for which the village of georgetown was the market center. when he used an icebo of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. one advantage of his icebo, moore eplained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

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