如何在你重視的事情上做的更好TED英語(yǔ)演講

　　Most of us go through life trying to do our best at whatever we do,whether it’s our job, family, schoolor anything else.I feel that way. I try my best.But some time ago, I came to a realizationthat I wasn’t getting much better at the things I cared most about,whether it was being a husband or a friendor a professional or teammate,and I wasn’t improving much at those thingseven though I was spending a lot of timeworking hard at them.I’ve since realized from conversations I’ve had and from researchthat this stagnation, despite hard work,turns out to be pretty common.

　　大多數(shù)人在生活中都會(huì)嘗試把每件事做到最好，無(wú)論是在職場(chǎng)上、家庭、學(xué)校或其它領(lǐng)域。我也有同感，也會(huì)努力嘗試。但前一段時(shí)間，我開(kāi)始意識(shí)到，我總是無(wú)法在自己最在意的事情上做得更好。比如做一個(gè)好丈夫或好朋友，一名專業(yè)人士或好隊(duì)友，我一直無(wú)法在這些事情上有很大的提升，哪怕我花了很多時(shí)間努力完成。我之后在與他人的談話和研究中意識(shí)到，無(wú)論你多努力，這種瓶頸總是一直出現(xiàn)。

　　So I’d like to share with you some insights into why that isand what we can all do about it.What I’ve learnedis that the most effective peopleand teams in any domaindo something we can all emulate.They go through life deliberately alternating between two zones:the learning zone and the performance zone.

　　所以我想跟各位分享一些見(jiàn)解，并提出一些解決的辦法。我所了解的是，無(wú)論哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域，各行業(yè)的佼佼者都有可以讓我們仿效的地方。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們?cè)谌粘Ｉ�活中�?huì)有意識(shí)地在這兩種狀態(tài)中切換，學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)和執(zhí)行狀態(tài)，

　　The learning zone is when our goal is to improve.Then we do activities designed for improvement,concentrating on what we haven’t mastered yet,which means we have to expect to make mistakes,knowing that we will learn from them.That is very different from what we do when we’re in our performance zone,which is when our goal is to do something as best as we can, to execute.Then we concentrate on what we have already masteredand we try to minimize mistakes.

　　在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，我們的技能可以進(jìn)步。我們會(huì)透過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)的活動(dòng)來(lái)提升技能。專注于尚未掌握的事情，這意味著我們一定會(huì)有失誤，但我們也一定能從中學(xué)到東西。這跟我們執(zhí)行狀態(tài)時(shí)所做的事情很不一樣，執(zhí)行狀態(tài)的目的是把我們最好的一面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。我們會(huì)專注在已經(jīng)掌握好的技能，并把失誤減到最小。

　　Both of these zones should be part of our lives,but being clear about when we want to be in each of them,with what goal, focus and expectations,helps us better perform and better improve.The performance zone maximizes our immediate performance,while the learning zone maximizes our growthand our future performance.The reason many of us don’t improve muchdespite our hard workis that we tend to spend almost all of our time in the performance zone.This hinders our growth,and ironically, over the long term,also our performance.

　　這兩種狀態(tài)都是我們生活的一部分，但當(dāng)你想要自在的處在這兩種狀態(tài)，你得清楚知道你的目標(biāo)、關(guān)注點(diǎn)、預(yù)期效果是什么，這樣才能幫助你在執(zhí)行和改進(jìn)方面都做得更好。執(zhí)行狀態(tài)注重當(dāng)下的表現(xiàn)，學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)會(huì)加速人的成長(zhǎng)，并且提升未來(lái)的表現(xiàn)。很多人，無(wú)論如何努力都沒(méi)辦法有所提高。原因在于：我們總是花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間在執(zhí)行狀態(tài)。這樣會(huì)阻礙成長(zhǎng)。諷刺的是，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間下來(lái)，也會(huì)引響我們的表現(xiàn)。

　　So what does the learning zone look like?Take Demosthenes, a political leaderand the greatest orator and lawyer in ancient Greece.To become great,he didn’t spend all his timejust being an orator or a lawyer,which would be his performance zone.But instead, he did activities designed for improvement.Of course, he studied a lot.He studied law and philosophy with guidance from mentors,but he also realized that being a lawyer involved persuading other people,so he also studied great speechesand acting.To get rid of an odd habit he had of involuntarily lifting his shoulder,he practiced his speeches in front of a mirror,and he suspended a sword from the ceilingso that if he raised his shoulder,it would hurt.

　　那麼，學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)是怎樣的情況?來(lái)看看狄摩西尼，這位政治領(lǐng)袖，古希臘最偉大的演說(shuō)家和律師。他會(huì)偉大的原因，不是因?yàn)樗�把時(shí)間都花在演說(shuō)和執(zhí)行律師業(yè)務(wù)上面，也就是說(shuō)他不會(huì)一直處在執(zhí)行狀態(tài)。相反的，他做了很多改善的活動(dòng)。毋庸置疑，他花很多時(shí)間在學(xué)習(xí)。比如他在精神導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下學(xué)習(xí)法律及哲學(xué)，但他也同時(shí)意識(shí)到，作為律師他需要說(shuō)服別人，所以他也研究名人的演講及學(xué)習(xí)演戲。為了改變不由自主聳肩的壞習(xí)慣，他會(huì)在鏡子前練習(xí)演說(shuō)，并且在天花板上吊一把劍。一旦聳肩，他就會(huì)被刺到。

　　(Laughter)

　　(觀眾笑)

　　To speak more clearly despite a lisp,he went through his speeches with stones in his mouth.He built an underground roomwhere he could practice without interruptionsand not disturb other people.And since courts at the time were very noisy,he also practiced by the ocean,projecting his voice above the roar of the waves.

　　為了克服口齒不清，他會(huì)含著石頭練習(xí)演講。他還建了一個(gè)地下室，以避免練習(xí)時(shí)被打擾或打擾到別人。因?yàn)樯戏ㄔ簳r(shí)會(huì)很吵，所以他就對(duì)著大海練習(xí)，讓自己的聲音比咆哮的海浪還大聲。

　　His activities in the learning zonewere very different from his activities in court,his performance zone.In the learning zone,he did what Dr. Anders Ericsson calls deliberate practice.This involves breaking down abilities into component skills,being clear about what subskill we’re working to improve,like keeping our shoulders down,giving full concentration to a high level of challengeoutside our comfort zone,just beyond what we can currently do,using frequent feedback with repetition and adjustments,and ideally engaging the guidance of a skilled coach,because activities designed for improvementare domain-specific,and great teachers and coaches know what those activities areand can also give us expert feedback.It is this type of practice in the learning zonewhich leads to substantial improvement,not just time on task performing.For example, research shows that after the first couple of yearsworking in a profession,performance usually plateaus.This has been shown to be true in teaching, general medicine,nursing and other fields,and it happens because once we think we have become good enough,adequate,then we stop spending time in the learning zone.We focus all our time on just doing our job,performing,which turns out not to be a great way to improve.But the people who continue to spend time in the learning zonedo continue to always improve.The best salespeople at least once a weekdo activities with the goal of improvement.They read to extend their knowledge,consult with colleagues or domain experts,try out new strategies,solicit feedback and reflect.The best chess playersspend a lot of time not playing games of chess,which would be their performance zone,but trying to predict the moves grand masters made and analyzing them.Each of us has probably spent many, many, many hourstyping on a computerwithout getting faster,but if we spent 10 to 20 minutes each dayfully concentrating on typing 10 to 20 percent fasterthan our current reliable speed,we would get faster,especially if we also identified what mistakes we’re makingand practiced typing those words.That’s deliberate practice.

　　他在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)所做的活動(dòng)與他在法院上執(zhí)行的活動(dòng)，兩者是很不一樣的。他在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)時(shí)，會(huì)做安德森·愛(ài)立信博士所說(shuō)的「循序漸進(jìn)的練習(xí)」。就是把要學(xué)習(xí)的技能拆分成一小段一小段的技能，并且清楚地知道哪一項(xiàng)技巧目前需要提高。像是放松肩膀，全新專注在舒適圈以外更高層次的挑戰(zhàn)，專注超越那些早已掌握的事物。利用快速反饋?zhàn)鲋貜?fù)練習(xí)和調(diào)整，全力配合熟手教練的指導(dǎo)。因?yàn)椋瑸楦纳贫�設(shè)計(jì)的活動(dòng)是有特定范圍的，好的老師或教練知道什么活動(dòng)能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步，并會(huì)給予專業(yè)的反饋。就是在這種學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)下的練習(xí)，才能大量的進(jìn)步，而不是只是花時(shí)間在執(zhí)行業(yè)務(wù)上。舉個(gè)例子，研究表明，在某一領(lǐng)域工作數(shù)年后，表現(xiàn)會(huì)達(dá)到停滯期。這在教學(xué)、一般內(nèi)科、護(hù)理及其他領(lǐng)域都得到了印證。這是因?yàn)橐坏┤藗冇X(jué)得自己足夠好了，綽綽有余了，就不會(huì)再花時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)。我們只會(huì)關(guān)注在如何完成工作和執(zhí)行業(yè)務(wù)上，這種方式變得不利于提高技能。但是那些一直在學(xué)習(xí)的人們，就會(huì)持續(xù)地成長(zhǎng)。最好的銷售人員，至少每周一次，進(jìn)行改善訓(xùn)練。他們閱讀以增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)，咨詢同行和專家、嘗試新的策略、征詢意見(jiàn)及反思。最好的棋手，大部分的時(shí)間，并不是在跟別人下棋，也就是他們不會(huì)一直處在執(zhí)行的狀態(tài)，而是試圖預(yù)測(cè)并分析大師們的棋路。每個(gè)人可能都花了很多時(shí)間在電腦前打字，但卻沒(méi)有越打越快。但是，如果我們每天抽出 10-20 分鐘，全神貫注地提升打字速度，比平�？焐� 10%-20% 就好，我們的速度就會(huì)越來(lái)越快。特別是當(dāng)我們能找到失誤，并且專注加以練習(xí)。這就是一種循序漸進(jìn)(刻意)的練習(xí)。

　　In what other parts of our lives,perhaps that we care more about,are we working hard but not improving muchbecause we’re always in the performance zone?Now, this is not to say that the performance zone has no value.It very much does.When I needed a knee surgery,I didn’t tell the surgeon,Poke around in there and focus on what you don’t know.

　　在生活的其他方面，還有哪些是我們比較在意，我們很努力但進(jìn)步緩慢的地方?是不是因?yàn)槲覀兝鲜峭Ａ粼趫?zhí)行狀態(tài)里?但以上都不是在說(shuō)執(zhí)行狀態(tài)沒(méi)有用，它是很有價(jià)值的。但我需要做膝蓋手術(shù)的時(shí)候，我可不想告訴醫(yī)師：「隨便戳戳吧，探索一下你不知道的事。」

　　(Laughter)

　　(觀眾笑)

　　We’ll learn from your mistakes!I looked for a surgeon who I felt would do a good job,and I wanted her to do a good job.Being in the performance zoneallows us to get things done as best as we can.It can also be motivating,and it provides us with information to identify what to focus on nextwhen we go back to the learning zone.So the way to high performanceis to alternate between the learning zone and the performance zone,purposefully building our skills in the learning zone,then applying those skills in the performance zone.

　　「我們可以從失誤中學(xué)到東西啊!」我會(huì)找一位我認(rèn)為夠好的醫(yī)師，我想讓她好好地幫我醫(yī)治。在執(zhí)行狀態(tài)時(shí)，我們會(huì)力求表現(xiàn)到最好，這樣可以激勵(lì)我們，并告訴我們，在回到學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)的時(shí)候，該關(guān)注些什么。所以說(shuō)，想要表現(xiàn)得好需要在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)和執(zhí)行狀態(tài)之間轉(zhuǎn)換。在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)下有目的性地積累技巧，然后再將之應(yīng)用在執(zhí)行狀態(tài)里。

　　When Beyoncé is on tour,during the concert,she’s in her performance zone,but every night when she gets back to the hotel room,she goes right back into her learning zone.She watches a video of the show that just ended.She identifies opportunities for improvement,for herself, her dancers and her camera staff.And the next morning,everyone receives pages of notes with what to adjust,which they then work on during the day before the next performance.It’s a spiralto ever-increasing capabilities,but we need to know when we seek to learn,and when we seek to perform,and while we want to spend time doing both,the more time we spend in the learning zone,the more we’ll improve.

　　就像碧昂斯的巡演，演唱會(huì)上，她處在執(zhí)行表演的狀態(tài)，但每晚回到酒店，她就直接投入到學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)里。她會(huì)觀看剛剛結(jié)束的表演，為自己、舞群和攝像師，尋找改進(jìn)的機(jī)會(huì)。第二天早上，所有人都會(huì)收到一份通知，上面寫著那些地方需要改進(jìn)，如此團(tuán)隊(duì)成員就可以在下一次表演之前做出調(diào)整。如此團(tuán)隊(duì)的能力就可以一直向上提升。但我們需要清楚的是，何時(shí)「學(xué)」、何時(shí)「做」，何時(shí)兩樣一起。投入越多時(shí)間在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，就能取得越多的進(jìn)步。

　　So how can we spend more time in the learning zone?First, we must believe and understandthat we can improve,what we call a growth mindset.Second, we must want to improve at that particular skill.There has to be a purpose we care about,because it takes time and effort.Third, we must have an idea about how to improve,what we can do to improve,not how I used to practice the guitar as a teenager,performing songs over and over again,but doing deliberate practice.And fourth, we must be in a low-stakes situation,because if mistakes are to be expected,then the consequence of making them must not be catastrophic,or even very significant.A tightrope walker doesn’t practice new tricks without a net underneath,and an athlete wouldn’t set out to first try a new moveduring a championship match.

　　那麼我們要怎樣才能多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間在學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)呢?首先，要相信并理解一件事，那就是我們可以改進(jìn)，也就是所謂的「成長(zhǎng)心態(tài)」。其次，要在具體的技巧上做改進(jìn)。并且要有一個(gè)我們?cè)诤醯哪繕?biāo)，因?yàn)樗�需要時(shí)間和努力。第三，我們必須要知道該如何提升，要做些什么來(lái)提升，而不是像我年輕時(shí)彈吉它那樣，同首曲子一遍又一遍的重復(fù)，而是要做「循序漸進(jìn)的練習(xí)」。第四，我們必須保持在低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)，因?yàn)槿绻�如預(yù)期的發(fā)生了失誤，那麼造成的后果就不會(huì)影響太大，或是關(guān)系重大。走鋼絲的演員，不會(huì)在沒(méi)有護(hù)網(wǎng)的情況下練習(xí)新的技巧;運(yùn)動(dòng)員并不會(huì)在冠軍比賽中，嘗試新的動(dòng)作。

　　One reason that in our liveswe spend so much time in the performance zoneis that our environments often are, unnecessarily, high stakes.We create social risks for one another,even in schools which are supposed to be all about learning,and I’m not talking about standardized tests.I mean that every minute of every day,many students in elementary schools through collegesfeel that if they make a mistake,others will think less of them.No wonder they’re always stressed outand not taking the risks necessary for learning.But they learn that mistakes are undesirableinadvertentlywhen teachers or parents are eager to hear just correct answersand reject mistakes rather than welcome and examine themto learn from them,or when we look for narrow responsesrather than encourage more exploratory thinkingthat we can all learn from.When all homework or student work has a number or a letter on it,and counts towards a final grade,rather than being used for practice,mistakes, feedback and revision,we send the message that school is a performance zone.

　　我們?cè)谏�活中，花很多時(shí)間在執(zhí)行狀態(tài)里，這個(gè)中原因是：我們常常處在不必要的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)環(huán)境中。我們彼此制造了社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。哪怕是在學(xué)校，一個(gè)被認(rèn)定為純粹學(xué)習(xí)的地方，我不是在說(shuō)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)驗(yàn)，我說(shuō)的是學(xué)生每時(shí)每刻、從小學(xué)到大學(xué)，都會(huì)覺(jué)得別人會(huì)因?yàn)樗麄兎稿e(cuò)而輕視他們。難怪他們總是緊張兮兮，不愿為學(xué)習(xí)冒必要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。老師、家長(zhǎng)對(duì)正確答案趨之若鶩的態(tài)度，無(wú)意中，讓學(xué)生害怕犯錯(cuò)。而不是勇于試錯(cuò)、檢視過(guò)錯(cuò)、并從中吸取教訓(xùn)。又或者，我們只想聽(tīng)「標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案」，而不是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行可以學(xué)到更多的開(kāi)拓性思考。一旦學(xué)生的作業(yè)、作品都被評(píng)定等級(jí)、標(biāo)上分?jǐn)?shù)，最后記錄到期末成績(jī)后，它們就起不到練習(xí)、試錯(cuò)、反饋和修正的作用了，我們讓孩子誤以為：學(xué)校只是個(gè)讓你表現(xiàn)的地方。

　　The same is true in our workplaces.In the companies I consult with,I often see flawless execution cultureswhich leaders foster to encourage great work.But that leads employees to stay within what they knowand not try new things,so companies struggle to innovate and improve,and they fall behind.

　　職場(chǎng)中也同樣如此。那些咨詢我的公司，我常見(jiàn)到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者鼓勵(lì)推動(dòng)「完美執(zhí)行 」的文化。但這樣就會(huì)導(dǎo)致員工僅僅停留在他們已知的范疇，而不去嘗試新的事物，公司因此很難創(chuàng)新、進(jìn)步，從而落居下風(fēng)。

　　We can create more spaces for growthby starting conversations with one anotherabout when we want to be in each zone.What do we want to get better at and how?And when do we want to execute and minimize mistakes?That way, we gain clarity about what success is,when, and how to best support one another.

　　我們可以透過(guò)交流，為彼此開(kāi)創(chuàng)進(jìn)步的空間，聊聊我們何時(shí)應(yīng)該投身于何種狀態(tài)。在哪些方面可以做得更好?何時(shí)決策、怎樣控?fù)p?如此，我們可以明確什么是成功、何時(shí)以及如何去支持對(duì)方。

　　But what if we find ourselves in a chronic high-stakes settingand we feel we can’t start those conversations yet?Then here are three things that we can still do as individuals.First, we can create low-stakes islands in an otherwise high-stakes sea.These are spaces where mistakes have little consequence.For example, we might find a mentor or a trusted colleaguewith whom we can exchange ideas or have vulnerable conversationsor even role-play.Or we can ask for feedback-oriented meetings as projects progress.Or we can set aside time to read or watch videos or take online courses.Those are just some examples.Second, we can execute and perform as we’re expected,but then reflect on what we could do better next time,like Beyoncé does,and we can observe and emulate experts.The observation, reflection and adjustment is a learning zone.And finally, we can leadand lower the stakes for others by sharing what we want to get better at,by asking questions about what we don’t know,by soliciting feedback and by sharing our mistakesand what we’ve learned from them,so that others can feel safe to do the same.

　　但如果我們處在長(zhǎng)期高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)下，并且無(wú)法展開(kāi)這樣的交流怎么辦?依然有三件事是可以自己著手去做的。首先，是在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的海洋中，開(kāi)辟一塊低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的島嶼。讓錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生時(shí)不會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的后果。比如說(shuō)，我們可以找一位導(dǎo)師或可以信任的同事，和他們分享想法，或是接受批評(píng)。甚至角色扮演�；蛘呤请S著項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展，舉辦反饋會(huì)議。又或者我們可以抽出時(shí)間去閱讀或看視頻或是參加線上課程。這只是幾個(gè)例子。第二，我們可以實(shí)踐并達(dá)成期望的表現(xiàn)，但事后反思如何改進(jìn)，就像碧昂斯那樣。我們還可以觀察和模仿專家，這些觀察、反思、調(diào)整都能讓我們學(xué)習(xí)到很多。最后，我們可以引導(dǎo)并降低彼此的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，問(wèn)他們，我們?cè)谀姆矫婵梢栽偃〉眠M(jìn)步，透過(guò)詢問(wèn)未知的問(wèn)題、征求意見(jiàn)、 分享失誤，并從中汲取教訓(xùn)，如此其他人也就能安心地做同樣的事。

　　Real confidence is about modeling ongoing learning.What if, instead of spending our lives doing, doing, doing,performing, performing, performing,we spent more time exploring,asking,listening,experimenting, reflecting,striving and becoming?What if we each always had somethingwe were working to improve?What if we created more low-stakes islandsand waters?And what if we got clear,within ourselves and with our teammates,about when we seek to learn and when we seek to perform,so that our efforts can become more consequential,our improvement never-endingand our best even better?

　　真正的自信是對(duì)不斷學(xué)習(xí)的展示。如果，我們沒(méi)有把人生耗費(fèi)在做、做、做、表現(xiàn)、表現(xiàn)、表現(xiàn)上，而是更多地去探索、詢問(wèn)、傾聽(tīng)、實(shí)踐、反思、拼命去成為想成為的人，會(huì)怎么樣?如果我們每個(gè)人，都有某些事情讓我們可為之努力，從而提升呢?如果我們創(chuàng)造更多的低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)域和環(huán)境呢?如果我們自己或整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)都清楚知道，何時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)、何時(shí)表現(xiàn)，如此我們的努力就會(huì)有更多回報(bào)，就可以精益求精，團(tuán)隊(duì)就會(huì)越來(lái)越好。

　　Thank you.

　　謝謝。

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