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如何閱讀英文案例 How to Read English Cases a

時(shí)間:2023-02-24 17:45:28 公眾演講 我要投稿
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如何閱讀英文案例 How to Read English Cases and Citations

</Script>    (大連外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)學(xué)院 屈文生)

第一部分
案例通常由下列幾個(gè)部分組成。

一、案例名稱(chēng)(Case Name);例如:Marbury v. Madison (馬伯里訴麥迪遜), v is short for versus.是“訴”的意思。

二、判決法院(Court rendering the opinion);例如:New Jersey Supreme Court (新澤西最高法院)。

三、卷宗號(hào);案號(hào)(Citation);例如:93 N.J324, 461 A. 2d 138 (1983),這說(shuō)明該案出自《新西匯編》第93卷,第324頁(yè),以及《大西洋匯編》第二輯第138頁(yè),該案判決于1983年。此處,A 是Atlantic Reporter的縮寫(xiě)。像這種指明兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上出處的卷宗號(hào)叫作:“平行卷宗號(hào)”,其英語(yǔ)表達(dá)為“parallel citation”,意思是“An additional reference to a case that has been reported in more than more reporter.”廣義上卷宗號(hào)包括上述一、案例名稱(chēng);二、判決法院。

四、主審法官姓名(Justice wrote the opinion)。

五、判決書(shū) (opinion: stating the issue raised, describing the parties and facts, discussing the relevant law, and rendering judgment.)判決書(shū)是整個(gè)案例的主體部分,其中包括法律爭(zhēng)議(Issue)、雙方當(dāng)事人情況、事實(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)、判決采用的相關(guān)法律以及判決結(jié)果。
判決書(shū)的閱讀過(guò)程之中,要注意以下幾點(diǎn):1. 時(shí)態(tài)主審法官的意見(jiàn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài);前審法院的意見(jiàn)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。2. 主審法官的意見(jiàn)是法院意見(jiàn)。3除法院意見(jiàn)外還有兩種意見(jiàn),它們被稱(chēng)為“反對(duì)意見(jiàn)”(dissenting opinion or dissent)與“配合意見(jiàn)”(concurring opinion)。Dissenting opinion: opinion offered by a judge disagreeing with the majority panel of judges’ conclusion; “反對(duì)意見(jiàn)”指不同意大多數(shù)法官判決結(jié)論之某一法官的意見(jiàn);Concurring opinion: opinion written by a judge agreeing with the majority’s conclusion but not its reasoning. “配合意見(jiàn)”是指同意大多數(shù)法官的意見(jiàn),但是不同意判決結(jié)論的推理之某一法官的意見(jiàn)。

六、法庭投票(Votes of the court)例如在七名大法官審理的情況下,有幾名法官的意見(jiàn)是“維持原判”(affirmance),有幾名法官的意見(jiàn)是“撤銷(xiāo)原判、發(fā)回重審”(reversal and remandment)。


第二部分

一、什么是citation?
由于卷宗號(hào)這一塊涉及內(nèi)容龐雜,這里再逐一特別說(shuō)明一下。我們首先來(lái)看一下《布萊克法律字典》中citation的定義:A reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position. (p.237) 7th edition. 由于a citation is a reference to a legal authority,因此,citation必須要有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這樣以后的參考者才容易檢索得到。正如《布萊克法律字典》所指出的一樣,Citation formats exist for many different types of legal sources including cases, statutes and secondary legal materials. Understanding the basic format for each of these different types of sources will enable the researcher to more independently locate materials in the law library.
案例之中的卷宗號(hào)通常包括下列幾個(gè)部分:
a. 案件雙方當(dāng)事人姓名(the names of the parties involved in the lawsuit);
b. 包含案件全文的匯編卷號(hào)( the volume number of the reporter containing the full text of the case);
c. 該案例匯編的縮寫(xiě)名稱(chēng)(the abbreviated name of that case reporter);
d. 案例開(kāi)始的頁(yè)碼數(shù)(the page number on which the case begins);
e. 案件判決年份(the year the case was decided);有時(shí)還包括
f. 案件判決法院(the name of the court deciding the case)。
舉例說(shuō)明: Hebb v. Severson, 201 P.2d 156 (Wash. 1948). 在這個(gè)例子當(dāng)中,Hebb是原告(plaintiff),Severson 是被告(defendant)。 我們可以在《太平洋匯編》第二輯201卷第156頁(yè)(volume 201 of the Pacific Reporter Second Series beginning on page 156)找到這一案例。該案是由華盛頓州最高法院(Washington State Supreme Court)于1948年判決的。

二、 如何閱讀案例(cases)之中的citation?
確定卷宗號(hào)之中的縮略碼。請(qǐng)對(duì)照下列列表,找出縮略碼(abbreviation)的匯編全稱(chēng)(full reporter title).
Abbreviation Title 漢語(yǔ)匯編名稱(chēng)
A. Atlantic Reporter 大西洋匯編
A. 2d. Atlantic Reporter, 2d Series 大西洋匯編第二輯
Cal. Rep. California Reporter 加利福尼亞州匯編
F. Federal Reporter 聯(lián)邦匯編
F. 2d. Federal Reporter, 2d Series 聯(lián)邦匯編第二輯
F. 3d. Federal Reporter, 3d Series 聯(lián)邦匯編第三輯
F. Supp. Federal Supplement 聯(lián)邦補(bǔ)充案例
L. Ed. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers’ Edition 美國(guó)最高法院案例匯編,律師版
L. Ed. 2d. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers Edition, 2d Series 美國(guó)最高法院案例匯編,律師版第二輯
N. E. Northeastern Reporter 東北匯編
N. E. 2d. Northeastern Reporter, 2d Series 東北匯編第二輯
N. W. Northwestern Reporter 西北匯編
N. W. 2d. Northwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西北匯編第二輯
N. Y. S. New York Supplement 紐約補(bǔ)充案例
N. Y. S. 2d. New York Supplement, 2d Series 紐約補(bǔ)充案例第二輯
P. Pacific Reporter 太平洋匯編
P. 2d. Pacific Reporter, 2d Series 太平洋匯編第二輯
S. Ct. Supreme Court Reporter 最高法院案例匯編
S. E. Southeastern Reporter 東南匯編
S. E. 2d. Southeastern Reporter, 2d Series 東南匯編第二輯
So. Southern Reporter 南方匯編
So. 2d. Southern Reporter, 2d Series 南方匯編第二輯
S. W. Southwestern Reporter 西南匯編
S. W. 2d. Southwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西南匯編第二輯
U. S. United States Reports 美國(guó)案例匯編
再舉兩例說(shuō)明,例如:Morgan v. United States, 298 U.S.468, 56 S. Ct 906, 80L.Ed. 1288 (1936) 表示:摩根訴美國(guó),收集在美國(guó)案例匯編第298卷,468頁(yè)開(kāi)始;最高法院案例匯編第56卷906頁(yè)開(kāi)始;美國(guó)最高法院案例匯編律師版第80卷,1288頁(yè)開(kāi)始,1936年判決。 For example, a popular name for a Supreme Court case is:
Roe v. Wade
Which translates as Plaintiff versus Defendant
原告 羅 訴 被告魏德
The official citation for this Supreme Court decision is:
410 U.S. 113
Which translates as Volume 410 United Stated Reports Page 113
410卷 美國(guó)案例匯編 113頁(yè)
There are several different publishers for legal documents such as court decisions. (Libraries usually only carry one of these published versions.) These publishers may be referred to in parallel citations for this case.
例如,該案的平行匯編是:
93 S. Ct. 705
Which translates as Volume 93 Supreme Court Reporter Page 705
第93卷 最高法院案例匯編 705頁(yè)
Or
35 L. Ed. 2d 147
Which translates as Volume 35 U.S. Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers Edition, 2nd Series Page 147
第35卷 美國(guó)最高法院案例匯編律師版第二輯 147頁(yè)
該案完整的卷宗號(hào)(full citation)就是:
Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 93 S. Ct. 705 35 L. Ed. 2d.147 1972
Case name Official citation Parallel citation parallel citation Date of opinion
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