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“When”作連詞時(shí)的用法及譯法大盤點(diǎn)
“When”作連詞時(shí)的用法及譯法大盤點(diǎn)作者/袁鳳蘭
對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來說，when是一個(gè)常見的單詞，所以一看到when就會(huì)脫口而出“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”.這種翻譯有時(shí)會(huì)鬧出笑話甚至與其本意“南轅北轍”.因此，熟練掌握when作連詞時(shí)的幾種用法尤為重要。筆者結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)歷對(duì)when的用法及譯法做如下盤點(diǎn)：
一、When作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
1.when 譯為“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”
這是when 最基本的用法，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
1）從句可放句首或句末。放句首時(shí)，從句后面用逗號(hào)；放句末時(shí)，不用逗號(hào)。
【典例】The whole world were very anxious when the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 was reported.當(dāng)馬航失聯(lián)客機(jī)MH370被報(bào)道時(shí)，世人都很著急。
When he was yet a child, he was fond of swimming.當(dāng)他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，就喜歡游泳。
It was March 22,2014 Michelle Obama delivered a speech at Peking University.
A.that B.when C.since D.before
解析 此題考查when 的用法“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”.句意為：“米歇爾·奧巴馬于2014年3月22日在北京大學(xué)演講�！�
【高考鏈接】 （2013年安徽卷） It's much easier to make friends you have similar interests.
A. unless B. when C. even though D. so that
解析 此題考查狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞。when 表時(shí)間。句意為：“當(dāng)你們有相似的興趣時(shí)，你們會(huì)更容易成為朋友�！彼源鸢甘荁.
2）when既可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作。它可以表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。
【典例】When I came here, I saw Mary reading English.當(dāng)我到這兒時(shí)，我看到瑪麗在讀英語(yǔ)。
Many people were killed or injured when the police arrived at the Kunming railway station at night on March 1,2014. 2014年3月1日晚，當(dāng)警察到達(dá)昆明火車站時(shí)，已有許多傷亡。
3）從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來時(shí)，用一般過去時(shí)替代過去將來時(shí)。
【典例】I will tell him the news when he comes here tomorrow.明天他來時(shí)，我將告訴他這則消息。
They would be excited when they knew their grades.當(dāng)他們知道他們的成績(jī)時(shí)，他們會(huì)很激動(dòng)的。
2.when 譯為“一/剛……就”
1）when 相當(dāng)于as soon as /immediately/instantly/directly等詞的意思，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【典例】We will start when the monitor comes. 班長(zhǎng)一來，我們就出發(fā)。
2） when用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)“hardly/scarcely…when…”.
此時(shí)when 可換作before. 注意：當(dāng)把hardly/scarcely放句首時(shí)，句子需部分倒裝。
【典例】I had hardly arrived home last night when it began to rain.
Hardly had I arrived home last night when it began to rain.昨晚我一到家，天就下雨了。
【高考鏈接】
�。�2010年福建卷）The girl had hardly rung the bell the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.
A.before B.until C.as D.since
解析 本題考查固定句型hardly…when/before…， (www.gymyzhishaji.com)意為“一……就”.句意為：“這個(gè)女孩剛一按門鈴，門就開了，她的朋友沖出來迎接她�！贝鸢高xA.
�。�2012年全國(guó)卷）I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A.when B.than C.until D.after
解析 考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為：“我剛到辦公室，我妻子就打電話讓我立刻回家。”本句是“hardly…when…”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“剛……就……”,故答案選A.
3.when 譯為“如果……”
when相當(dāng)于if,引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
【典例】Turn off the light when nobody is in the classroom.如果教室沒人了，把燈關(guān)上。
Smog will be distant from us when everyone fights against pollution.
如果人人都與污染作斗爭(zhēng)，霧霾就會(huì)遠(yuǎn)離我們。
4.when譯為“雖然，盡管”
when引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于though/although/as.
【典例】He usually walks when he might ride.雖然可以坐車，他通�？偸遣叫�。
5.when譯為“既然，考慮到”
when引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)相當(dāng)于since“既然”.
【典例】How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen? 既然你從來都不聽，你怎能期望有所收獲呢？
Why use metal when you can use plastic? 既然能用塑料，為什么要用金屬呢？
How could you , when you know that it's impolite to stare at others for a long time?
既然你知道長(zhǎng)時(shí)間盯著別人看是不禮貌的，那你怎么還這樣做呢？
【典例】—It cost me 30 yuan to come here.
—Well, it was crazy of you to take a taxi you would come by bus as well.
A.when B.while C.unless D.because
解析 此題考查狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞。when在句中引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)認(rèn)句，相當(dāng)于since/considering that.句意為：“既然可以坐汽車，你乘出租車來這兒，真是瘋了�！�
6.when譯為“然后”
【典例】I stayed till noon, when I went home.我呆到中午，然后就回家了。
二、when 作并列連詞，引導(dǎo)并列分句
when譯為“突然……或這時(shí)……”.可用在四種句式中，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作“正在發(fā)生”、“即將發(fā)生”、“剛剛完成”突然插入另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。when 相當(dāng)于 and just time 或and just at that time.此用法也是高考的高頻考點(diǎn)。
1.was/were doing…when…正在做……這時(shí)/突然……
【典例】I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
我正沿著河邊走，突然聽到一個(gè)溺水兒童的呼救。
【高考鏈接】
（2011年浙江卷）One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away my daughter heard cries for help.
A.after B.while C.since D.when
解析 此題考查連詞辨析。句意為：“我們正在收拾行李準(zhǔn)備外出過周末，這時(shí)我的女兒聽到求救的呼喊�！眀e doing…when…表示“正在做某事，這時(shí)（突然）……”,故選D.
2.be about to do/be on the point of doing…when…正要做…… 這時(shí)/突然……
【典例】I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.
我正要出門，一位不速之客來訪了。
She was on the point of leaving when I arrived.她正要離開，這時(shí)我來了。
3.had （just） done…when…剛剛做……就……
【典例】We had just planted 100 trees when it began to rain.
我們剛剛栽完100棵樹，天就開始下雨了。
【高考鏈接】
�。�2009年福建卷）She had just finished her homework her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
A.when B.while C.after D.since
解析 此題考查句型had （just） done…when…when用作并列連詞相當(dāng)于and at that time.句意為：“昨天她剛做完作業(yè)，這時(shí)，她媽媽就讓她練習(xí)彈鋼琴�！彼源鸢甘茿.
三、when作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
when引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，意為“什么時(shí)候”.從句常包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。此時(shí)注意：從句要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
【典例】When we will go to Beijing hasn't been decided.我們什么時(shí)候去北京，還沒有確定。
Please remind me when he said he was going, I may be in time to see him off.
提醒我他什么時(shí)候走，我好及時(shí)給他送行。
My question is when we will start.我的問題是，我們何時(shí)出發(fā)。
Tom put forward the question at the meeting when the plan can be carried out.
湯姆在會(huì)上提出問題：何時(shí)可以實(shí)施這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
【高考鏈接】
�。�2009年安徽卷）A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A.how B.whom C.when D.which
解析 此題考查when引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。句中“when I was born”作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)，修飾限定前面的a good friend of mine.句意為：“在我動(dòng)身去北京之前，兒時(shí)的一個(gè)好友來到了我家�！贝鸢高xC.
以上是筆者對(duì)when作連詞時(shí)的用法總結(jié)，希望對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者有所幫助。
英語(yǔ)幽默小故事
A Gentle Reminder
Having been married a long time, my husband sometimes needs a gentle reminder of a special occasion. On the morning of our 35th anniversary, we were sitting at the breakfast table when I hinted, “Honey, do you realize that we've been sitting in these same two seats for exactly 35 years?”
Putting down the newspaper, he looked straight at me and said, “So, you want to switch seats?”
委婉提醒
婚后已久，我丈夫往往在一個(gè)特別事情上需要委婉的提醒。在我們結(jié)婚35周年紀(jì)念的早上，我們正坐在早餐桌旁，我暗示道：“親愛的，你意識(shí)到我們?cè)谶@兩個(gè)相同的座位上已坐了整整35年了嗎？”
他放下報(bào)紙，眼睛直直地望著我：“因此，你想交換座位嗎？”
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