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從2012年高考題掃描“that”核心用法
從2012年高考題掃描“that”核心用法作者/楊 云 邵勤琴
試題回放：
�、伲�2012年江西卷）It suddenly occurred to him ______ he had left his keys in the offices.
A.whether B.where C.which D.that
②（2012年北京卷）Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently.
A.why B.how C.that D.whether
“that”在高考中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，其意思較為豐富，詞性較為靈活，常見的有四種詞性，其在句子中的位置和所起的作用較為重要，同學(xué)們?nèi)绻荒苁炀氄莆掌溆梅�，很可能會形成英語學(xué)習(xí)的一種障礙，從而影響高考答題，現(xiàn)將that的用法總結(jié)歸納如下：
一、用作形容詞
此時，that用來指已被提到的人或物；也可表對比，指兩個中較遠(yuǎn)的那個。
Could you give me that book you borrowed from the library last month？（后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時用those）。
有時，that在句子中帶有感情色彩，“像那樣的”，表示喜歡、輕蔑或強調(diào)等。例如：
That little boy！His father is my best friend.那個小家伙，他父親是我最好的朋友。
That George！喬治那家伙！（表達(dá)自己的不滿情緒）
二、用作代詞
1.that 用作指示代詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞的用法，這樣可以避免重復(fù)，代上文同名異物名詞，一般是替代上文出現(xiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞或指可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，也可指說話者剛剛提到的那件事：
The price of rice is higher than that of flour.米的價格比面粉的價格高。
That is what he told me.那就是他告訴我的。
例1 （2011年安徽卷）If you often get stuck in reading，______ suggests you need to enlarge your vocabulary.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
解析 此題中that是指示代詞，指代“那件事”。
2.that 用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。先行詞可人可物，用法相當(dāng)于who或which。
關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語，充當(dāng)賓語時可以省略。
Is there anything that I can do for you？
你還有要我?guī)兔Φ氖聠幔?br />
注意：在下列情況下只用that不用which來連接定語從句。
�。�1）先行詞是all，everything，nothing，anything，little，much，the one等不定代詞時。
There is nothing（that） I can do.
（2）先行詞被all，any，every，no，some，little，much等不定代詞或數(shù)詞修飾時。
You may take home any of these books that you like.
（3）先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。
This is the first composition （that）he has written in English.
�。�4）先行詞被the only，the very，just the（正是，恰是），the same，the last修飾時。
The white flower is the only one （that） I really like.
（5）當(dāng)先行詞有兩個或兩個以上時，既有人又有物，定語從句用that引導(dǎo)（that既可指人也可指物）。
The experts talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited days before.
注意the same…that…和the same…as…的區(qū)別：
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我買了一塊和你一樣的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一塊。）
This is the same watch that I lost.
這就是我丟的那塊手表。(英語教學(xué)論文 www.gymyzhishaji.com)（這手表和我丟的手表是同一塊。）
例2 （2010年全國卷）I refuse to accept the blame for something ______ was someone else’s fault.
A.who B.that C.as D.what
例3 （2011年山東卷）The old town has narrow streets and small houses ______ are built close to each other.
A.they B.where C.what D.that
解析 以上兩題皆為對that作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的考查。
三、用作連詞
1.在名詞性從句中
連詞 that可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略，引導(dǎo)其余從句時一般不省略。例如：
That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.
（1）主語從句
That he was late for school made his teacher very angry.他遲到了，使得老師很生氣。
由于主語從句位于句首，句子常顯得笨重，因此常把它移至句子的后部，句首用it 充當(dāng)形式主語。例如：
It occurred to me that you can get in touch with me by E-mail.
例4 （2010年陜西卷）It never occurred to me ______ you could succeeded in persuading him to change his mind.
A.which B.what C.that D.if
解析 that在此引導(dǎo)主語從句，而it是形式主語。
�。�2）表語從句
The problem was that we couldn’t find a suitable time.問題是我們不能找到一個合適的時間。
例5 （2010年上海卷）One reason for her preference for city life is ______ she can have easily access to places like shops and restaurants.
A.that B.how C.what D.why
解析 此題引導(dǎo)表語從句，不能省略，盡管沒有具體意思。
�。�3）賓語從句
及物動詞后的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略。
He made it clear that he really is a student.他已說明他確實是一個學(xué)生。
注意：當(dāng)一個及物動詞后接兩個賓語從句時，第二個賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that一定不能省略！
He didn’t think he was guilty and that he should be punished for it.
另外，某些作表語的形容詞，如 sure，happy，glad，certain 等之后也可以接that從句，它相當(dāng)于賓語從句。例如：
I’m concerned that he can’t pass the exam this time.我有點擔(dān)心他這次不能通過考試。
�。�4）同位語從句
常跟同位語從句的名詞有：idea，news，fact，promise，answer，belief，condition，doubt，fear，hope，problem，proof，question，reply，report，suggestion，thought，truth，advice，order等。
News/Word came that our team had won.有消息說我們隊贏了。
引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that和引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是不同的。前者只起語法作用，在從句中不作任何成分；而后者在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。例如：
The news that he resigned from office surprised us.
That引導(dǎo)從句來解釋news的內(nèi)容，不作成分，但不能省略。
The news that he told me proved to be true！
that引導(dǎo)從句用來修飾news，在定語從句中作賓語，可以省略。
My father made a promise that if I got full marks in the final exam，I would get a valuable present.我父親許下一個諾言，那就是，如果我期末考試得了滿分，我就會得到一個珍貴的禮物。
例6 （2011年天津卷）Modern science has given clear evidence ______ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A.that B.which C.who D.whom
例7 （2011年上海卷）A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A.when B.where C.what D.that?搖
解析 以上兩題皆考查that作為連詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句的用法，盡管沒有具體意思，但不可省略。
2.在狀語從句中
�。�1）用在目的或結(jié)果狀語從句中
在目的狀語從句中：so that（從句中用情態(tài)動詞can/could，may/might等），in order that，for fear that.
He hid himself under the table for fear that his father might find him.
在結(jié)果狀語從句中：常用 so/such…that…或so that（從句中不用情態(tài)動詞）來引導(dǎo)。如：
Today he got up late so that he caught the first bus.
�。�2）用在原因狀語從句中
now that（既然……），in that（就在于……）
Now that they have taken matters into their hands，the pace of events has quickened.
�。�3）在條件狀語從句中：
常用 on condition that，suppose/supposing （that），provided/providing （that）來引導(dǎo)。例如：
I will go，provided/providing that you go too.
3.在強調(diào)句中
在強調(diào)句型中：It be+被強調(diào)部分+that+主語+剩余部分
It is Mrs.White that makes the decision in her family.
例8 （2011年福建卷）It was at April 29，2001 ______ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A.that B.when C.since D.before
例9 （2011年福建卷） It was with great joy ______ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found.
A.because B.which C.since D.that
解析 以上兩題皆考查that在強調(diào)句型中的用法，若把that去掉，則剩下的句子組成成分完整。
4.在虛擬語氣中
（1）It’s（high/about） time（that） sb. should do/did sth.正是某人做某事的時候。
It’s high time that you went.
It’s high time that you should go.
�。�2）Wish 引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
①I wish that I were a bird.（現(xiàn)在）
�、贗 wish that I had followed the teacher’s advice yesterday.（過去）
我昨天要是聽了老師的建議就好了。
�、踂e wish that our parents wouldn’t punish us�。▽恚└改敢遣粦土P我們就好了！
�。�3）與命令、建議有關(guān)的名詞性從句中
常見動詞：一個“堅持”insist，兩個“命令”order，command，三個“建議”advise，suggest，propose，四個“要求”request，require，demand，desire所帶的賓語從句中，后面的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣用法。即從句中的謂語動詞使用should+動詞原形，也可以將should省略。與他們有關(guān)的其他名詞性從句也要使用虛擬語氣，從句中的動詞形式一樣。（如用在It is suggested/insisted/requested/required/demanded/ordered that…等）
It is suggested that we should pay attention to the importance of keeping healthy.
同時It’s necessary/strange/natural/important+that從句中，從句中的謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形。
It is important that we（should） master a foreign language.
�。�4）but that，“要不是，要沒有”
But that he helped us（But for his help），we would have already failed.要不是他幫忙，我們估計已經(jīng)失敗了。
四、用作副詞
1.用作普通副詞。相當(dāng)于“so”，往往表示較貶義的態(tài)度，常譯為“過于、太”等。
Now I can’t afford that expensive a computer，我現(xiàn)在買不起如此貴的電腦。
例10 （2011年廣東卷）Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always ______ much to do.
A.such B.that C.more D.very
解析 此題that=so，作為副詞修飾形容詞much。
2.that間或作關(guān)系副詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句，可以代替when，where， why或in which，�？墒÷�。
I can’t deal with it the way（that） he treated his son.
五、在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中
1.see（to it） that，意為“見證、務(wù)必做到、保證”。
We will see to it that she gets home early.
2.seeing/considering that，意為“鑒于、由于”。
Seeing that he was busy with his work，I didn’t disturb him.
3.except that，除了。
I know nothing about him except that he comes from the USA.
以上是that主要用法的概述，希望能對大家有所幫助。當(dāng)然，that還有其他的一些用法，需要我們在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中不斷地積累和總結(jié)。
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