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如何提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力
近三年來(lái)，高考英語(yǔ)科對(duì)考生閱讀能力的要求越來(lái)越高，主要體現(xiàn)在以下方面：閱讀量加大、生詞數(shù)增多、猜測(cè)詞義分量加重、強(qiáng)化了語(yǔ)段、語(yǔ)篇分析。如何提高學(xué)生閱讀理解水平及解題能力，以適
應(yīng)新的要求?筆者以為在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，教師根據(jù)高考閱讀理解能力測(cè)試要求、試題特點(diǎn)，有意識(shí)地培
養(yǎng)學(xué)生掌握閱讀技巧是解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。
一、快速閱讀訓(xùn)練
要達(dá)到《中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》二級(jí)目標(biāo)關(guān)于“讀”的要求，教師應(yīng)通過(guò)課文教學(xué)、補(bǔ)充閱讀量，
對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行快速閱讀訓(xùn)練，使他們掌握閱讀技巧，從而提高理解能力。以下是快速閱讀的幾種方法。
1．養(yǎng)成泛讀的習(xí)慣
培養(yǎng)泛讀習(xí)慣，要從課文教學(xué)抓起。每教一篇課文時(shí)，可以先讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行限時(shí)閱讀，然后做閱讀理
解題。在整體吸收的基礎(chǔ)上，要求學(xué)生對(duì)課文進(jìn)行分段研讀，在教師的指導(dǎo)下，掌握課文中的重點(diǎn)詞
語(yǔ)、句型和慣用法。泛讀與精讀的緊密結(jié)合，旨在形成能力。幫助學(xué)生選好讀物是培養(yǎng)泛讀習(xí)慣的關(guān)
鍵。教師可幫助學(xué)生確定閱讀目標(biāo)，制訂出科學(xué)的適合不同學(xué)生特點(diǎn)的閱讀計(jì)劃，以此來(lái)規(guī)范學(xué)生的
閱讀行為。選擇讀物時(shí)，應(yīng)體現(xiàn)內(nèi)容的思想性、廣泛性、新穎性、有趣性，體裁和題材的多樣性，從
而激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣，增強(qiáng)他們搞好閱讀的信心，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，提高閱讀水平。
2．養(yǎng)成“成組視讀”習(xí)慣
為了加快閱讀速度，學(xué)生要養(yǎng)成“成組視讀’’的習(xí)慣，要訓(xùn)練“掃視”意群、短語(yǔ)、句子甚至段
落的能力，逐步改變一眼只看一個(gè)單詞的習(xí)慣。同時(shí)，要避免指讀、頓讀、出聲讀、回讀等不良閱讀
習(xí)慣。
3．養(yǎng)成計(jì)時(shí)閱讀習(xí)慣
每次進(jìn)行5至10分鐘，不宜太長(zhǎng)。要從閱讀心理和閱讀能力等方面確定閱讀時(shí)間。長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持，學(xué)生的
閱讀速度會(huì)大大加快。
二、詞義猜測(cè)技巧，
對(duì)于閱讀理解中碰到的生詞一般采用猜測(cè)的方法來(lái)解決(人名、地名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)名除外)。詞義猜測(cè)
是提高閱讀理解能力的一種最基本的方式，也是一種非常重要的方式方法。近年來(lái)，閱讀理解題加大
了分量，反映了高考加強(qiáng)對(duì)考生學(xué)習(xí)能力的考查。猜測(cè)詞義的方法通常有兩種，即根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞
法知識(shí)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，有以下方法：
1．根據(jù)定義或解釋說(shuō)明猜測(cè)詞義
A resolute man is a person who once makes up his mind to do something; he won't give it half way．
2．根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
在but，however，yet，otherwise或though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的詞出現(xiàn)的句中，其前后的詞有明顯的對(duì)
比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，很容易猜測(cè)詞義，例如：
Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean，his neck still remains grubby．
3．通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
當(dāng)表示因果關(guān)系的信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句
中，就能夠通過(guò)因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，猜測(cè)出生
詞的詞義，例如：
The river is so，turbid that it is impossible to see the
bottom even when it is shallow．
4．根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系及常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義
運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，有時(shí)要理解整個(gè)語(yǔ)段或語(yǔ)
篇的邏輯關(guān)系，正確猜出詞義，例如：
There must be solne support facilities as well，including roads to get to the hotel，electricity，sewers(陰溝)
to handle waste，and water．
5．根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy．
6．根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測(cè)詞義
You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English，F(xiàn)oreign Language Teaching in Schools，or
English Learning．
7．根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義
The American idea of the future is limited，however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of involving
(牽連)many centuries．
三、準(zhǔn)確找出語(yǔ)篇的主題句
段落的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律性，其中心思想往往通過(guò)段落中的主題句來(lái)體現(xiàn)。因此，掌握這一規(guī)
律，迅速找出主題句，從而抓住中心思想，達(dá)到感知整個(gè)語(yǔ)段的目的，對(duì)提高閱讀理解能力大有益處。
1．段落首句為主題句
As in China, the weather is different from area to area. In the north, the winters are
long and hard, with snow for six months of the year. The temperatures can fall to 60cc, that is 60cC below frcczing.
In the capital,Ottawa,the average of winter temperature is- 10cC, and in summer 21~C. The west coast of Canada is the wannest place
in winter. The average January temperature is 3°C, and in July it is 18~C. Here it rains a lot every month of the
year. (lesson 26, SEFC Book 2A)
2．段落中間或尾句為主題句
"The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo! "Mrs Cousins was frightened. At that very moment
the animal bent over the baby. Mrs Cousins held her breath, and her whole body went cold. The lion
was smelling the face of the sleeping baby. Was it hungry7 What was it going to do？Thoughts rushed through her head. How could she get the lion away from her baby? If she ran
towards it, it might attack her. Worse still, it could even carry off the baby in its mouth. She looked around the kitchen for something to throw at the lion.
Suddenly she had an idea. In the fridge there was a large leg of pork which she was planning to cook on Sunday. There was not
a moment to lose.
She picked up the leg of pork, went to the back door and opened it. The lion looked at her as
she swung the pork
in her hand so as to attract the lion's attention.
"Here! Eat that! "she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass
away from the table.
The lion at once jumped off the table and ran to the meat. It picked it up in its mouth and
carried it into the bushes.
Mrs Cousins ran to the table, picked up her baby in her arms, ran inside and shut the door.
( lesson 46, SEFC Book 2 A)
3．段落沒(méi)有主題句
沒(méi)有主題句的段落并非沒(méi)有主題思想，它們的主題思想不是由段落中的某句話表示的，需要學(xué)生自
己歸納總結(jié)。
Ten minutes later the police arrived. The lion could still be seen in the bushes eating the
meat,"Are you going
to catch it yourselves, asked Mrs Cousins. No, not us! said one. "I think we'll leave it to
the experts." Before long,
a truck stopped in front of her house. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked
into the garden. "
She looks quiet enough, doesn't she?" said one of them. "But I think we'll give her a shot,
just to be safe." He took
a long plastic pipe and fitted something into one end. Walking slowly across the grass he
pointed the pipe at the
lion and fired. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet. After a moment,
it fell over and lay
still. "We've just sent her to sleep, "said the keeper. "It's easier to catch a sleeping lion
than one that's awake. "They
put the lion in a strong cage and carried it to the truck. (Lesson 47 SEFC Book 2 A)
本段的大意可概括為：
The young lion was caught.
四、正確判斷推理
推斷題是考查
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學(xué)生通過(guò)文章表面文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。學(xué)生不僅要弄
懂文章的字面意思，更重要的是要知道文章的潛在含義，切不可脫離語(yǔ)篇主旨和作者意圖，作無(wú)根據(jù)的
猜測(cè)。
One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop-assistant, "I need two small gray mice and about five
dozen roaches(蟑螂)and two spiders."
"What do you need these things for?" the shop assistant was very surprised.
"Well," replied the man, "I'm moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should
leave the house
in exactly the same condition as I found it."
The passage suggests that when the man moved into the apamnent, it was ______.
A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of
insects
分析：
買主說(shuō)他即將搬走，房主要他還房子的本來(lái)面目，所以他要買寄生在骯臟環(huán)境中的老鼠、蟑螂和蜘
蛛。由此推知答案為D.
House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much
a house
in Chelsea, London had risen in price since 1955.
Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955 ,Jane Gray sold it for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black
bought it
for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years
later, in 1972, the
house is valued at ￡30,000.
① When did Mrs Black buy the house?
A. 1971 B. 1972 C. 1968 D. 1959
(2) If Mrs Black had waited four years to sell the house, she would have earned as much as
______ .
A.￡28,000 B. ￡18,000 C.￡30,000 D. ￡25,100
分析：
題①由“Mrs Bowena Black...and sold it nine years later...Now four years later，in 1972...”得知Mis Black
是1959年買的房子。故答案選D.
題②根據(jù)“Mrs Bowena Black...￡4,900．”,“...the house is valued at ￡30,000”推知D為正確選項(xiàng)。
閱讀理解是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的一個(gè)重要方面。這是一種從理論到實(shí)踐的檢測(cè)。閱讀要講究方法，
理解要講究技巧。但所有的方法、技巧均是建立在語(yǔ)言基本功基礎(chǔ)上的，不能唯技巧唯方法。只有辯
證地運(yùn)用方法、技巧，才能避免閱讀教學(xué)中的種種極端，才能真正提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力。
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