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話說“AND”在句中的不同含義

時間:2023-02-27 12:08:21 英語論文 我要投稿
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話說“AND”在句中的不同含義

話說“AND”在句中的不同含義

作者:湖北葛洲壩高級中學 唐亞蘭
 
 

and 是英語中的常用詞,在語法中稱作連接詞或并列連詞,通常連接兩個并列的語言單位,其漢語意思可譯為“和、與、及、同、并、兼”等。有時甚至不必直接譯出這些對應(yīng)的漢語詞。如:

1. I like English and mathematics. 我非常喜歡英語和數(shù)學。

2. Have you read the novel“War and Peace”? 你看過《戰(zhàn)爭與和平》這部小說嗎?

3. The concept of velocity includes the idea of direction and magnitude.速度的概念包括方向及大小兩層意思。

4. The People’s Republic of China and many countries in the world have already established diplomatic relations. 中華人民共和國已同世界上許多國家建立了外交關(guān)系。

5. Take your time, and read more correctly. 別急,并讀得更準確些。

6. He is a stateman and poet. 他是位政治家兼詩人。

7. Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health. 發(fā)展體育運動,增強人民體質(zhì)。

然而,有時and連接的并不是兩個意義上并列的語言單位,其翻譯方式是靈活而多變的。正因如此,它常未引起人們的注意,導(dǎo)致閱讀和翻譯上的錯誤。其實,and有著很多細微的內(nèi)在意義,需要細心斟酌。本文著重將在句中的不同含義作一分析比較。

一. and在連接分句時的不同含義

1. 第二分句與第一分句形成對比,and(=but,in contrast),可譯為“但,卻,而,反之”等,如:

(1) Yale is clever and Kathy is dull. 耶爾聰明,而凱茜遲鈍。

(2) Bobby is secretive and Mike is candid. 博比守口如瓶,而邁克卻爽快坦率。

(3) Vera is interested in music and Jay is fond of sports. 維拉對音樂感興趣,而杰伊愛好體育。

(4) He brought me sandwich, and I helped him do his English homework. 他給我拿三明治,而我?guī)退鲇⒄Z作業(yè)。

(5) My sister is eighteen and I am fifteen. 我姐姐十八歲,而我十五歲。

(6) Eat to live , and not live to eat. 吃飯是為了活著,但活著不是為了吃飯。

2. 第二句對第一句有驚奇之感,第一句則帶有讓步語氣,前后分句表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。這種修辭法為的是加強第二句的未預(yù)料性,and (=but, yet), 可譯為“但是,然而,反而,卻”等,如:

(1) Jesse tried hard and he failed. 杰西很賣力,卻失敗了。

(2) There is a talk, and no action. 盡是空談,毫無行動。

(3) She talked little, and did much. 她說得少,但干得多。

(4) He is Jack of all trades, and master of none. 他樣樣都會,但門門不精。

(5) She has misunderstood me, and I wish to do her justice. 盡管她誤解了我,但我還要公平對待她。

(6) He was trying to do a good deed, and this is what he got in return.他本來想做好事,卻得到這樣的回報。

3. 表示動作的先后,第二分句是第一分句連續(xù)性行為動作或狀態(tài),前后分句為遞進關(guān)系。如表示同一個主語的先后動作,第二分句可省略主語,and(=then),可譯為“后來,然后,接著,又”等,如:

(1) His father locked the door, and went to work. 他父親鎖上門就上班去了。

(2) The back door opened, and a detective came in. 后門開了,然后一個偵探進來。

(3) I told her what happened and left. 我告訴她發(fā)生什么事之后,就離開了。

(4) Tina put her face close to mine and smiled. 蒂娜把臉往前湊了湊,接著笑了。

(5) Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. 托尼見了我,就走過來和我坐到一張桌子前。

4. 第二分句是第一分句的結(jié)果,前后分句具有因果關(guān)系,and(=so, therefore ,as a result),可譯為“因此,所以,于是,就,便”等,如:

(1) He heard a cry for help, and he rushed out of the office . 他聽到有人喊救命,就沖出了辦公室。

(2) Jack was ill and couldn’t come to school this morning.杰克病了,所以今天早晨不能到校。

(3) The sun was shining , and clothes dried.太陽照耀著,于是衣服就干了。

(4) She missed the school bus and had to take a taxi.她把校車誤了,于是不得不打的。

(5) A visitor struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. 一位客人在擊琴鍵時用力過猛,損壞了兩根琴弦。

(6) I had too much for my lunch and was sick . 我因午飯吃得過多而感到不舒服。

5. 第一分句(祈使語氣)是第二分句(含有情態(tài)動詞,或用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時)的假定條件,前后分句表示條件和結(jié)果關(guān)系,and(=then),可譯為“如果……就會,那么,就”等,如:

(1) Try again and you will succeed. 再試一次,你就會成功。

(2) Work hard and you will pass the exam. 努力學習,你就會通過考試。

(3) Give me one more hour and I’ll be able to finish the test. 再給我一小時,我就能夠完成這個試驗。

(4) Press the button and the door opens by itself. 按一下按鈕,門就會自動打開。

(5) One foot nearer, and you are a dead man. 再走近一步,我就要你的命。

(6) Speak the truth, and you need have no shame. 說老實話,你就不必害羞。

(7) Do that again and I’ll call a policeman! 如果你再那么干,我就會叫警察來。

6. 第二分句是對第一分句的評注,and可省譯,如:

(1) Dick often helps me with my study, and that’s very kind of him.迪克常幫助我學習,他很熱心。

(2) I’ve had a bowl of rice, and I’m very hungry.我只吃了一碗米飯,現(xiàn)在還很餓。

(3) Shirley can’t go with us , and that’s too bad .雪莉不能同我們一起去,太可惜了。

(4) They disliked Kim and that’s not surprising.他們不喜歡基姆,那是毫不奇怪的。

(5) I have something important to do this afternoon, and you know it.今天下午我有重要事要做,你是知道的。

7. 第二分句與第一分句相似,純屬附加補充,前后分句表示并列關(guān)系,and(=similarly or also, in addition),可譯為“同時,并且,而且,另外,也,又”等,如:

(1) Mr. Brown is our English teacher, and an expert in translation.布朗先生是我們的英語教師,也是一位翻譯專家。

(2) Monkeys can’t swim, and tigers can’t climb trees.猴子不會游泳,老虎不會上樹。

(3) Lorna studies very hard, and she often gets up early for reading aloud.洛娜學習非常刻苦,她常早起朗讀課文。

(4) Every autumn the leaves fell from the trees, and some of the plants withered .每年秋天,樹葉落了,有些植物也枯萎了。

(5) Would you please lend me one of the new magazines? and the latest one.你能幫我借一本新雜志嗎?要最新的雜志。

(6) Tony always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.托尼總是向朋友借錢,并且從來不還。

8. 后一分句對前一分句起強調(diào)作用或加強語氣,and(=also),可譯為“而且”,如:

(1) He did the work, and he did it well.他做了這件事,而且做得好。

(2) You must tell him and tell him at once.你一定要告訴他,而且要馬上告訴他。

(3) She speaks English, and speaks very fluently.她講英語,而且講得非常流利。

(4) In the world, the teachers and the teachers alone can teach us knowledge. 世界上,老師,只有老師,才能教我們知識。

二. and 在連接兩個動詞時的不同含義

1. 表示目的,and相當于to的語法作用,但and要比to的語氣重,多用于祈使語氣中或動詞原形后,帶有命令、建議、勸告等含義。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,and前面常用的動詞有come, go, learn , mind, remember, run, send, stay, stop, try ,write, be sure,take care等,如:

(1) Go and help her. 去幫助她。

(2) Try and come early. 盡量早來。

(3) We must mind and arrive there by eight. 我們必須注意八點前到達那里。

(4) Let’s go and tell her the good news. 讓我們?nèi)ジ嬖V她這個好消息。

(5) Come upstairs and see it.到樓上來看看吧。

(6) Jim, come and have something to drink. 吉姆,來喝點什么。

2. 表示動作的同時性,and (=while) , 如:

(1) My nephew is studying and working abroad.我外甥在國外學習同時也工作。

(2) They talked and laughed on their way to school.他們在上學的路上又說又笑。

(3) Last night, the two brothers ate and drank wolfishly . 昨天夜里,這哥倆又大吃大喝。

(4) You should read the text slowly and clearly. 你應(yīng)當將課文讀得又慢又清楚。

三. and 在連接兩個形容詞時,有時使形容詞帶有副詞性質(zhì),如:

1. The wind is nice and cool.風很涼爽。

2. The car is going nice and fast.這輛汽車跑得挺快。

3. It’s nice and warm in the room, while it’s good and cold outside. 屋子里太熱,而屋外又太冷。

nice and =very good and =very, quite

4. She was fine and startled at the sight of it.她一見它,就大吃一驚。

fine and=extremely, finely

5. I shall be rare and busy now.我現(xiàn)在太忙了。

rare and=very, rarely

6. He will be fine and joyful. 他非常高興。

fine and=very, finely

四. and 在連接其他詞類時的不同含義

1. 在連接兩個名詞時,有時使后一名詞具有形容詞意義,如:

a dance and delight (a delightful dance)愉快的舞會

a meeting and success (a successful meeting)成功的會議

2. 連接數(shù)詞,and含義為相加,數(shù)字中常用and連接百位數(shù)和十位數(shù),而千位數(shù)和百位數(shù)之間可視為and的省略,如:

(1) Two and three make(s) five.二加三等于五

(2) two hundred and sixty-three二百六十三

(3) one thousand and one一千零一

(4) two thousand seven hundred and thirty-one二千七百三十一

3. and用于重復(fù)詞之間,表示動作的反復(fù)、連續(xù)和強調(diào),如:

(1) We waited and waited , but nothing happened.我們等了又等,可情況沒有變化。

(2) The situation became better and better .形勢越來越好。

(3) Ollie dived to the bottom of the lake again and again, looking

for the lost mobile phone. 奧利一再潛到湖底尋找遺失的手機。

(4) There are painters and painters. 畫家不可一概而論(有好有壞)。

4. 用于不同字義中間構(gòu)成短語也表示強調(diào),如:

(1) He worked early and late to earn enough to live.他從早到晚干活才足以維持生活。

(2) Each and every student was given a suit.每個學生都發(fā)了一套衣服。

(3) The students came in together and went out twos and threes.學生們一起進來,三三兩兩出去。

由and連接的并列詞組有很多,有些已成為固定詞組,不能前后顛倒位置,特別要注意與漢語詞序恰好相反的詞組,如:back and forth(前后),right and left (左右), flesh and blood (血肉), iron and steel (鋼鐵),rich and poor(貧富),hot and cold(冷熱),twos and threes(三三兩兩),等等。在這些詞組中,有些是同義詞構(gòu)成的,如:first and foremost(首要地),fair and square(公平地),really and truly (真正地),safe and sound(安然無恙),ways and means (方法)等。有些是由反義詞或意義相對的詞構(gòu)成的,如:cause and effect (因果),in and out(進出),up and down(上下),day and night(晝夜),here and there(到處)等。

可見,and 的意義主要根據(jù)句子的語境和結(jié)構(gòu)而定。正確使用這種并列結(jié)構(gòu)的詞組,可使思想表達清楚,重點突出,對句子起強調(diào)作用,此外,這些詞組讀起來瑯瑯上口,頗具節(jié)奏感,能給讀者以強烈的藝術(shù)感染力。

誠然,and 的用法還很多,尚有待于我們進一步共同探究。文中不妥之處,敬請同行不吝指正。

主要參考書目:

1、A New Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary

2、A New English-Chinese Dictionary

3、A Handbook of English Grammar

4、New Concept English First Things First; Practice and Progress

5、胡仲胤 編著《漢語常用詞多種英譯法》,廣西人民出版社



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