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英語語言結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱現(xiàn)象（安慶懷寧）
英語語言結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱現(xiàn)象（安慶懷寧） 3月20日 英語語言在表達(dá)某些特定意義的時候，常呈現(xiàn)出結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱現(xiàn)象。這種結(jié)構(gòu)使讀者感受到英語語言的對稱美，從而增強語言的感染力，達(dá)到一種強化內(nèi)容意義的修辭效果。熟悉這種結(jié)構(gòu)能幫助學(xué)習(xí)者提高對英語語言的欣賞能力與運用能力。下面的這些結(jié)構(gòu)都表現(xiàn)出這種對稱現(xiàn)象。 一、表達(dá)愛好、選擇、判斷方面的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 1.prefer…to…與perfer…rather than…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)Do you prefer(the new one) to (the old one?)(代詞對稱) 2)At this time of day,Iprefer (tea) to (coffee) .(名詞對稱) 3)I prefer (walking) to (cycling).(動名詞對稱) 4)I perfer (to work) rather than (remain idle).(不定式對稱) 2.would rather/had rather…than…結(jié)構(gòu) 5)She would rather have (the small one) than the (large one).(代詞對稱) 6)I would rather read (a novel) than (a poem).(名詞對稱) 7)I would rather (play) tennis than (swim).(動詞對稱) 8)Jim would rather go to class (tomorrow) than (today).(副詞對稱) 3.rather than結(jié)構(gòu) 9)Evans is (a historian) rather than (a writer).(名詞對稱) 10)It ought to be (you) rather than (me) than signs the lettr.(代詞對稱) 11)These shoes are (comfortable) rather than (pretty).(形容詞對稱) 12)He was engaged in (writing a letter) rather than (reading the newspaper).(動名詞短語對稱) 13)We are doing this (for our brother villages) rather than (for ourselves).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)稱) 14)He (ran) rather than (walked).(動詞對稱) 15)It was (what he meant) rather than (what he meant) rather than (what he said).() 16)I decided to (write) rather than (telephone).(不定式對稱) 17)It is important (to increase) wages.(不定式對稱) 4.instead of結(jié)構(gòu) 18)Shall we (fish) instead of (meat) today?(名詞對稱) 19)Things would be (better) instead of (worse).(形容詞對稱) 20)We'll have tea (in the garden) instead of (in the house).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 如果instead of后面接表示動作意味的詞，一般要用動名詞。如： I stayed in bed all day instead of going to work. She went shopping instead of having lunch. 但為了對稱可以用其它有關(guān)相應(yīng)的動詞形式。如: He proposes to do some work instead of to watch television.(不定式作賓語對稱) 5.either…or…與neither…nor…結(jié)構(gòu) 21)You must improve either (your work) or (your appearance).(名詞對稱) 22)Neither (you) nor (l) could do it.(人稱代詞對稱) 23)It's neither (pleasant) to tea nor (good) for you.(形容詞對稱) 24)You neither (love) him or (hate) him.(動詞對稱) 25)He neither (knows) nor (cares) what happened.(動詞對稱) 26)Either (you must improve your work) or (l shall dismiss you).(句子對稱) 6.not…but…結(jié)構(gòu) 27)He is not (my son),but (my nephew).(名詞對稱) 28)He excels not (in English),but (in mathematics).(介詞對稱) 29)The important thing in the Olympic Games is not (to win) but (to take part).(不定式對稱) 二、表達(dá)比較方面的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 1.more/less…than…與the more…the more…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)(Today) is hotter than (yesterday).(名詞對稱) 2)(John's car) runs better than Mary's.(所有格對稱) 3)The Yangtse River is even wider and deeper (at Nanjing) than (at Wuhan).(介詞對稱) 4)(He speaks English) much more rapidly than (he does Spanish).(句子對稱) 5)(The more you study,the smarter you will become).(句子對稱) 2.as…as…與notas/so…as…結(jié)構(gòu) 7)(John)sings sa well sa (his sister).(名詞結(jié)構(gòu)) 8)(His drawings) are as perfect as (his instructor's).(所有格對稱) 9)(Classes in the university) are as difficult as (those in the college).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 3.the same…as…與be different from/than/to結(jié)構(gòu) 10)(My house) isthe same height as (his).(所有格對稱) 11)(These trees) are the same as (those)[trees].(名詞對稱) 12)He speaks the same language as (she).(代詞對稱) 13)(He tried to do) the same as (his comrade did).(句子對稱) 14)(You must show my wife) the same respect as (you show me).(句子對稱) 15)(Mary) is different from/than/to (Jane).(名詞對稱) 16)(Our climate) is different form Canada's.(所有格對稱) 17)(Life today)is different from (life fifty years ago).(名詞短語對稱) 三、表達(dá)并列關(guān)系的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 1.both…and…結(jié)構(gòu) 1)Both (Li Hung) and (Li Chun) have joined the Party.(名詞對稱作主語) 2)She spoke with both (kindness) and (understanding).(名詞對稱作賓語) 3)He both (speads) and (reads) French.(動詞對稱作謂語) 4)Robert is both (talended) and (handsome).(形容詞對稱作表語) 5)She is well dnown both (for her dindness) and (for her kindness) and (for her understanding).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語) 2.not only…brt(also)…結(jié)構(gòu) 6)Beth plays not only (the guitar) but also (the violin).(名詞對稱作賓語) 7)The ceremony was mot only (colurful) but also (noisy).(形容詞對稱作表語) 8)He writes not only (correctly) but also (neatly).(副詞對稱作狀語) 9)He is famous not only (in Italy) but also (in Switzerland).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱作狀語) 10)Clark not only (practises) law but also (teaches) it.(動詞對稱作謂語) 11)He is not (a writer) but also (a revolutionary).(名詞對稱作表語) 12)Not only (was everything that he had taden away from him), but also (his German citizenship[was taken away from him].(句子對稱) 3.as well as結(jié)構(gòu) 13)He gave me (money) as well sa (advice).(名詞對稱作賓語) 14)You as well as (l)are right.(代詞對稱作主語) 15)He was (kind) as well sa (sensible).(形容詞對稱作表語) 16)He writes (correctly)as well as (neatly).(副詞對稱作狀語) 17)We shall travel (by night) as well as (byday).(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱作狀語) 18)Paul (plays) the piano as well as (composes) music.(動詞對稱作謂語) 四、表達(dá)原因、理由方面的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 1.not because(of)…but because(of)…gn not than…but than…的結(jié)構(gòu) 1)The ship was delaed not (because of the war),but (because) (she has a talent for music). (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 2)I recommend her not because (she is beautiful) but because (she has a talent for music). (句子對稱) 3)Not (that l loved Caesar less),but (that l loved Rome more).(句子對稱) 4)It is not (that l am unwilling) but (that l have no time).(句子對稱) 2.what with…and(what with)…結(jié)構(gòu) 5)(What with teaching) and (what with writing),my time is wholly taken away.(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 6)(What with lfficial business) and (what with private business),l have no leisure. (介詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 五、表述態(tài)度、評論、贊成、詢問等方面的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 這些結(jié)構(gòu)除少數(shù)例外一般為情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、be動詞、have動詞及do相應(yīng)形式的對稱。 1)You (are) young and so am l. 2)You (have) pride and so (have) l. 3)Louise (can) dance beautifully,and so (can) her sister. 4)I (was) tired,and so (were) the others. 5)—'It (was) cold yesterday.'—'So it was.' 6)—'It (is) rainning.'—'So it is.' 7)He (will) not help yor,neither/nor (will) l. 8)The unions (do not want) a strike,and neither/nor (does) the management. 六、動詞或不定式作主語與表語的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 在同一個句子里，如果主語與表語同時是表示動作意義的詞，那么一般要要講究對稱，即主語是動名詞時，表語一般也用動名詞；主語是不定式時，表語一般也用不定式。 (Seeing) is (believing). (Saving) is (having). (To see)is (to believe). (To doubt) is slmost (to insult). (To be a friend in need) is (to be a friend indeed). 七、因修辭需要運用的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 1)The owner (took d look),(gave a low whistle),the (made a dive)for the rejected clothing. (動詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)對稱) 2)(Large and small),(new and old),(wide and narrow),(fast and slow),they moved down to the shore.(多組互為反義的形容詞對稱) 八、諺語中的對稱結(jié)構(gòu) 許多諺語除了結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱，還注意了音節(jié)的對稱，韻律的對稱。這樣的語言結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔、流暢、鮮明、生動，富于表現(xiàn)力，上口易記。 No pains,no gains. Out of sight,out lf mind. Grasp all,lose all. Hope for he best,prepare for the worst. Nothing venture,nothing have. Man proposes,God disposes. (載1994年第5期《中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究》)
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